It was translated from the original French into English, Persian (Pasokh be Tarikh), and other languages. That evening, Henderson suggested to Ardashir that Mosaddegh not be harmed. [172] He justified his move by arguing that almost all river borders all over the world ran along the thalweg (deep channel mark), and by claiming that because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian, the 1937 treaty was unfair to Iran. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-iran-tus-near-mashhad-firdusis-mausoleum-built-during-the-reign-of-48060085.html, Photographic portrait of Empress Fawzia Fuad of Egypt (1921-2013) Queen of Iran as the first wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. [28] As Shah, Mohammad Reza constantly disparaged his father in private, calling him a thuggish Cossack who achieved nothing as Shah, and most notably the son almost airbrushed his father out of history during his reign, to the point that the impression was given the House of Pahlavi began its rule in 1941 rather than 1925. March 25, 2017. 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy, 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, rotating member of the UN Security Council, List of titles and honours of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran, Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, "Historic Personalities of Iran: Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi", "March, 15, 1976 A.D.: Iran Switches To Imperial Calendar", "Torture still scars Iranians 40 years after revolution", "First Party of Iran's 2,500‐Year Celebration", United States Army Center of Military History, "Premier Quits as Iran Speeds Nationalization of Oil Fields", "Message to the Prime Minister of Iran Following the Breakdown of Oil Discussions With Great Britain", "In declassified document, CIA acknowledges role in '53 Iran coup", "Princess Soraya, 69, Shah's Wife Whom He Shed for Lack of Heir", "The 5 Most Precarious US Allies of All Time", America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah's Regime, "Amnesty International Annual Report 1974-1975", "40 Years Ago Richard Nixon Strengthens Persian Ally", Ten Things the US needs to learn from Iran's Islamic Revolution, "Dr. Michael Debakey Describes the Shah's Surgery and Predicts a Long Life for Him", "The death of an emperor – Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his political cancer", "A Criminal As The Successor To Khamenei? Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Persian: محمدرضا پهلوی, pronounced [mohæmˈmæd reˈzɒː pæhlæˈviː]; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980),[1] also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (محمدرضا شاه), was the last Shah (King) of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. [86], The Shah's second wife was Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, a half-German, half-Iranian woman and the only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany, and his wife, the former Eva Karl. While school attendance rose (by 1966 the school attendance of urban seven- to fourteen-year-olds was estimated at 75.8%), Iran's labour market could not absorb a high number of educated youth. Referred to as Operation Ajax,[93] the plot hinged on orders signed by Mohammad Reza to dismiss Mosaddegh as prime minister and replace him with General Fazlollah Zahedi, a choice agreed on by the British and Americans. Between 1967 and 1977, the number of universities increased in number from 7 to 22, the number of institutions of advanced learning rose from 47 to 200, and the number of students in higher education soared from 36,742 to 100,000. ... the total number of political prisoners has been reported at times throughout the year [1975] to be anything from 25,000 to 100,000".[253][254]. The Shah of Persia Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his son Reza Ciro at the beach during a holiday on the Caspian Sea, Iran (formerly Persia), September 1962. https://www.alamy.com/the-shah-of-persia-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-and-his-son-reza-ciro-at-the-beach-during-a-holiday-on-the-caspian-sea-iran-formerly-persia-september-1962-image374790145.html, Reza Pahlevi, Shah of Iran, with President Roosevelt during the Teheran Conference. Reza Pahlavi is the last crown prince of Persia, the former Imperial State of Iran and current head of the House of Pahlavi. [215] The next day, protests against the article began in the holy city of Qom, a traditional centre of opposition to the House of Pahlavi. (dpa) - Reza Pahlavi (C), his wife (L) and his mother Farah Diba smile as they arrive at the gala dinner on the eve of the wedding of Spanish crown prince Felipe and Letizia Ortiz at the Pardo Palace in Madrid, Spain, 21 May 2004. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-dpa-reza-pahlavi-c-his-wife-l-and-his-mother-farah-diba-smile-as-they-53875337.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-2-166203207.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-shah-of-iran-reza-pahlavi-president-john-f-kennedy-secretary-of-defence-84966821.html, Noor Pahlavi, Reza Pahlavi, Yasmine Pahlavi attend 4th annual champions of Jewish values international awards gala at Marriott Marquis Times Square © lev radin/Alamy Live News, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-noor-pahlavi-reza-pahlavi-yasmine-pahlavi-attend-4th-annual-champions-103873869.html, Shah of Iran his state funeral Cairo Egypt. https://www.alamy.com/the-shah-of-iran-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-as-a-nine-year-old-boy-image247143418.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-shah-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-tehran-iran-137319854.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-historic-bank-notes-from-iran-with-portraits-of-shah-mohammad-reza-50836271.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-main-niavaran-palace-was-the-primary-residence-of-the-last-shah-38374219.html, QUEEN ELIZABETH II & REZA PAHLAVI BRITISH ROYAL FAMILY 10 June 1959, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-queen-elizabeth-ii-reza-pahlavi-british-royal-family-10-june-1959-31293672.html, Princess Soraya of Iran (born Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, 1932-2001) Former Queen of Iran as Second Wife of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Portrait as Actress, Postcard, circa 1965, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-princess-soraya-of-iran-born-soraya-esfandiary-bakhtiari-1932-2001-74437973.html, High-angle view of Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, speaking with an off-camera attendee during a Milton S Eisenhower Symposium at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, October 12, 2010. Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi, exiled royal Iranian Princess, eldest daughter of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi by his third wife Farah Diba, at her graduation from the Cairo American College High School in 1980. https://www.alamy.com/princess-farahnaz-pahlavi-exiled-royal-iranian-princess-eldest-daughter-of-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-by-his-third-wife-farah-diba-at-her-graduation-from-the-cairo-american-college-high-school-in-1980-image185197813.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-image-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-1-166284671.html. Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his daughter Princess Farah wave goodbye as they board their aircraft to depart from Andrews Air Force Base after a visit to the United States November 16, 1977 outside Washington, DC. Due to his status as the last Shah of Iran, he is often known as simply the Shah. Visualizza altre idee su principesse, famiglie reali, vera bellezza. The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases of social affairs ... there is hardly any activity or vocation in which the Shah or members of his family or his closest friends do not have a direct or at least a symbolic involvement. Amongst the royalty that came to Tehran looking for the Shah's generosity were King Hussein of Jordan, the former King Constantine II of Greece, King Hassan II of Morocco, the princes and princesses of the Dutch House of Orange, and the Italian Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, whom the Shah had once courted in the 1950s. Sitemap. [63] Mohammed Reza told Willkie that when he was flying he "wanted to stay up indefinitely". [300] Shortly after, the Shah slipped into a coma and died on 27 July 1980 at age 60. U.S. actions further solidified sentiments that the West was a meddlesome influence in Iranian politics. [148] Milani further wrote that "Alam, in his most destructive moments of sycophancy, reassured the Shah—or his "master" as he calls him—that country was prosperous and no one begrudged the King a bit of fun". [163] Intense Francophiles, Mohammad Reza and Farah preferred to speak French rather than Persian to their children. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 397. Overall in the centre is a circle depicting Mount Damavand with a rising sun, the symbol of the Pahlavi dynasty. AKA Reza Khan. [201] In a press conference on 31 March 1974, Mohammad Reza predicted what Iran would be like in 1984, saying: In the cities, electric cars would replace the gas engines and mass transportation systems would be switched to electricity, monorail over the ground or electric buses. He, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mohammed-reza-pahlavi-shah-of-iran-and-empress-farah-prepare-to-depart-50054150.html. 399–400. [174] The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975. [105], Mohammad Reza returned to power, but never extended the elite status of the court to the technocrats and intellectuals who emerged from Iranian and Western universities. [258][260] Basic functional failures of the regime have also been blamed—economic bottlenecks, shortages and inflation; the regime's over-ambitious economic programme;[261] the failure of its security forces to deal with protests and demonstrations;[262] and the overly centralised royal power structure. [114] It was during this period that Mohammad Reza began to embrace the image of a "progressive" Shah, a reformer who would modernise Iran, who attacked in his speeches the "reactionary" and "feudal" social system that was retarding progress, bring about land reform and give women equal rights. [55], On 16 September 1941, Prime Minister Forughi and Foreign Minister Ali Soheili attended a special session of parliament to announce the resignation of Reza Shah and that Mohammad Reza was to replace him. Fearing for his life, the Shah left Panama delaying further surgery. [198] As Britain had often dominated Iran in the past, the change in roles was greatly gratifying to Mohammad Reza.[198]. Tentu saja, sistem ini menjengkelkan kelas sosial yang baru, yang dilarang mengambil bagian dalam pemerintahan yang sesungguhnya. 5th May 1959. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mohammad-reza-shah-pahlavi-the-shah-of-iran-with-queen-elizabeth-ii-81255163.html. [276] An American doctor, Benjamin Kean who examined Mohammad Reza in Cuernavaca later wrote: There was no longer any doubt. This was rejected by conservative clerics like Kashani and National Front leaders like Hossein Makki, who sided with the king. [146] A high-ranking Romanian defector, Ion Mihai Pacepa, also supported this claim, asserting that he had been the target of various assassination attempts by Soviet agents for many years. The Shah was taken later by U.S. Air Force jet to Kelly Air Force Base in Texas and from there to Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. [237] In October 1978, the oil workers went on strike, shutting down the oil industry and with it, Mohammad Reza's principal source of revenue. [242] On 21 November 1978, the Treasury Secretary of the United States Michael Blumenthal visited Tehran to meet Mohammad Reza and reported back to President Jimmy Carter, "This man is a ghost", as by now the ravages of his cancer could not longer be concealed. [52] As his father's closest advisor, the Crown Prince Mohammad Reza did not see fit to raise the issue of a possible Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, blithely assuring his father that nothing would happen. In response, the Shah stated: "How could I go to a place [USA] that had undone me? In an editorial about the rumours surrounding the marriage of a "Muslim sovereign and a Catholic princess", the Vatican newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, considered the match "a grave danger",[131] especially considering that under the 1917 Code of Canon Law a Roman Catholic who married a divorced person would be automatically, and could be formally, excommunicated. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919 – 1980), known as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979; MOHAMMAD-REZA SHAH PAHLAVI & HIROHITO SHAH OF IRAN WITH EMPEROR 01 June 1958 JAPAN; Shah of Iran his state funeral Cairo Egypt. historic bank notes from Iran with portraits of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Ruhollah Khomeini, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-historic-bank-notes-from-iran-with-portraits-of-shah-mohammad-reza-50836266.html. [197] As an Iranian, Mohammad Reza greatly enjoyed supporting the Greek branch of the House of Glücksburg, knowing the Greeks still celebrated their victories over the Persians in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. They have three daughters: Noor Pahlavi (born April 3, 1992), Iman Pahlavi (born September 12, 1993), and Farah Pahlavi (born January 17, 2004). [107] Mohammad Reza feared that history would repeat itself, remembering how his father was a general who had seized power in a coup d'état in 1921 and deposed the last Qajar shah in 1925, and his major concern in the years 1953–55 was to neutralise Zahedi. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. Only one of the shots hit the king, grazing his cheek. [204] He also sought to hold the 1984 Summer Olympics in Tehran. In the words of a U.S. Embassy dispatch: "The Shah's picture is everywhere. His programmes included projects in technologies such as steel, telecommunications, petrochemical facilities, power plants, dams and the automobile industry. 1977 - Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, and his daughter, Princess Farah, prepare to depart after a visit to the United States. However, by the time of its publication, the Shah had already died. https://www.alamy.com/1977-mohammed-reza-pahlavi-shah-of-iran-and-his-daughter-princess-farah-prepare-to-depart-after-a-visit-to-the-united-states-image230015050.html, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran with U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, Washington, D.C., USA, photograph by Marion S. Trikosko, June 5, 1964, https://www.alamy.com/mohammad-reza-pahlavi-shah-of-iran-with-us-president-lyndon-johnson-washington-dc-usa-photograph-by-marion-s-trikosko-june-5-1964-image333577277.html, Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, standing at a podium while participating in a Milton S Eisenhower Symposium at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, October 12, 2010. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (myös muodossa Muhammed Riza) (26. lokakuuta 1919 Teheran, Persia – 27. heinäkuuta 1980 Kairo, Egypti) (persiaksi شاه محمد رضا پهلوی) oli Iranin viimeinen šaahi alkaen 16. syyskuuta 1941 aina Iranin vallankumoukseen 11. helmikuuta 1979 asti. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed of free will? The Shah's widow and family and President Sadat at front (left) and the Shah's son Reza Pahlavi 1980. However, independent feminist political groups were shut down and forcibly integrated into one state-created institution, which maintained many paternalistic views. Fred Halliday, Iran; Dictatorship and Development, Penguin, Amir Taheri, "New Frame for a New Picture,", Robert Graham, Iran, St. Martins, January 1979. [26] In the 1930s, Reza Khan was an outspoken admirer of Adolf Hitler, though this was less because of any racism and anti-Semitism on his part, but rather because Reza Khan saw Hitler as someone much like himself, namely a man who had risen from an undistinguished background to become a notable leader of the 20th century. To do so, we divide them into two categories: those who believe in Monarchy, the constitution and the Six Bahman Revolution and those who don't ... A person who does not enter the new political party and does not believe in the three cardinal principles will have only two choices. As for Iran's security limits—I will not state how many kilometers we have in mind, but anyone who is acquainted with geography and the strategic situation, and especially with the potential air and sea forces, know what distances from Chah Bahar this limit can reach". Nevertheless, Reza Khan was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam (bird of good omen). [31] Mohammad Reza grew up surrounded by women, as the main influences on him were his mother, his older sister Shams and his twin sister Ashraf, leading the American psychologist Marvin Zonis to conclude it was "from women, and apparently from women alone" that the future Shah "received whatever psychological nourishment he was able to get as a child". Mohammad Reza's paternal grandfather, Abbas-Ali, was a Mazandarani,[11][12][13][14] commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War War in 1856. Such an individual belongs to an Iranian prison, or if he desires he can leave the country tomorrow, without even paying exit fees; he can go anywhere he likes, because he is not Iranian, he has no nation, and his activities are illegal and punishable according to the law. The Cossack colonel and later Shah of Iran, Reza Pahlavi with his three children, the heir to the throne and later Shah of Persia Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Princess Ashraf and Princess Sham (from left to right). Since, that is, God sent me those visions.[313]. Mohammad Reza is buried in the Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, a mosque of great symbolic importance. The book is his personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the Iranian Revolution and Western foreign policy toward Iran. From the Homewood Photography Collection. "[186], During the last years of his regime, the Shah's government became more autocratic. The king intervened and commuted the sentence to three years,[99] to be followed by life in internal exile. ??? We have information on 1 result for Reza Pahlavi, including phone numbers and addresses. As to infrastructural and technological progress, the Shah continued and developed further the policies introduced by his father. The next day, at 4:30 pm, Mohammad Reza took the oath of office and was received warmly by parliamentarians. In 1971, Mohammad Reza told a journalist: "World events were such that we were compelled to accept the fact that sea adjoining the Oman Sea—I mean the Indian Ocean—does not recognise borders. Reza Shah Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1925 until 1941; Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919–1980), Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, son of Reza Shah; Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran (born 1960), son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. [109] Many in the Iranian elite were openly disappointed that Mohammad Reza did not conduct the expected bloody purge and hang Mosaddegh and his followers as they had wanted and expected. [296] Kean recalled: The operation went beautifully. The great wealth generated by Iran's oil encouraged a sense of nationalism at the Imperial Court. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 26.10.1919 - 27.7.1980, Emperor of Iran 1941 - 1979, half length, during his state visit to Germany, 1967, in Munich, giving speech, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-26101919-2771980-emperor-of-iran-1941-1979-half-48540931.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-shah-mohammad-reza-pahlavi-antonin-novotny-33288086.html, Iran, Tehran, Niyavaran Palace Complex, palace of the last Shah, tilewrok on palace fountain, https://www.alamy.com/iran-tehran-niyavaran-palace-complex-palace-of-the-last-shah-tilewrok-on-palace-fountain-image259651523.html, https://www.alamy.com/royal-family-of-iran-mohammad-reza-shah-pahlavi-image69458456.html, https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-reza-pahlavi-1939-48346983.html. "[190] In addition, the Shah had decreed that all Iranian citizens and the few remaining political parties become part of Rastakhiz. [6] Mohammad Reza also introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social and political reforms with the proclaimed intention of transforming Iran into a global power and modernizing the nation by nationalizing certain industries[which?] [20] At his father's coronation on 24 April 1926, Mohammad Reza was proclaimed Crown Prince. As late as 28 September 1978 the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Shah "is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years. [164] Mohammad Reza built the Niavaran Palace which took up 9,000 square feet and whose style was a blend of Persian and French architecture. The Crown Prince confided in amazement to the British Minister that Foroughi "hardly expected any son of Reza Shah to be a civilized human being",[60] but Foroughi successfully derailed thoughts by the Allies to undertake a more drastic change in the political infrastructure of Iran. They give the Nobel to kaka siah ["any black face"] these days. She was born Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi, as per official dynastic usage, with the style Her Imperial Highness. In his "White Revolution" starting in the 1960s, Mohammad Reza made major changes to modernise Iran. [151] Mohammad Reza was a Francophile whose court had a decidedly French ambiance to it. [185] The British journalist Patrick Brogan wrote that "...the Iraqis celebrated their victory in the usual manner, by executing as many of the rebels as they could lay their hands on. [304] The message still rests on the lunar surface today. Under Mohammad Reza's father, the government supported advancements by women against child marriage, polygamy, exclusion from public society, and education segregation. The Shah, a fervent nationalist, responded "Iran is Iran." [57] The main Soviet interest in 1941 was to ensure political stability to ensure Allied supplies, which meant accepting the throne. [143], The second attempt on the Shah's life occurred on 10 April 1965. [142] At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in August 1964. Carl Jung Fotografia Vintage Figli Immagini Patate Re. [129] Following her death in 2001 at the age of 69 in Paris, an auction of the possessions included a three-million-dollar Paris estate, a 22.37-carat diamond ring and a 1958 Rolls-Royce.[130]. [71] In a letter to the Azerbaijani Communist leader Ja'far Pishevari, Stalin stated that he had to pull out of Iran as otherwise the Americans would not pull out of China, and he wanted to assist the Chinese Communists in their civil war against the Kuomintang. [194] All of this praise boosted Mohammad Reza's ego, and he went from being a merely narcissistic man to a megalomaniac, believing himself a man chosen by Allah Himself to transform Iran and create the "Great Civilisation. "[139] The Shah wrote back, addressing Khomeini as Hojat-al Islam rather than as Ayatollah, declining his request. Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalising the protest movement. [15] Mohammad Reza's paternal grandmother, Noush-Afarin, was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire),[16][17] whose family had emigrated to mainland Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Khan's birth. [3][4], Mohammad Reza came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi. 5th May 1959. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mohammad-reza-shah-pahlavi-the-shah-of-iran-with-queen-elizabeth-ii-81255786.html, Shah of Iran his state funeral Cairo Egypt. [122] After receiving a mildly threatening letter from President Eisenhower warning him against signing the treaty, Mohammad Reza chose not to sign, which led to a major Soviet propaganda effort calling for his overthrow. [162] During the French trip, Queen Farah, who shared her husband's love of French culture and language, befriended the culture minister André Malraux, who arranged for the exchange of cultural artifacts between French and Iranian museums and art galleries, a policy that remained a key component of Iran's cultural diplomacy until 1979. [177] Some of the Shah's advisers also felt it was unwise to support the peshmerga, saying that if the Iraqi Kurds won independence, then the Iranian Kurds would want to join them. [121], In January 1959, the Shah began negotiations on a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which he claimed to have been driven to by a lack of American support. [138] Afterwards, Mohammad Reza visited London. The medical team-American, Egyptian, French-was in the pathology lab. Paul Hofmann, "Pope Bans Marriage of Princess to Shah". They had four children together: One of Mohammad Reza's favourite activities was watching films and his favourites were light French comedies and Hollywood action films, much to the disappointment of Farah who tried hard to interest him in more serious films. He returned to Egypt in March 1980, where he received urgent medical treatment, including a splenectomy performed by Michael DeBakey. [133] In an attempt to mend relations after Nixon's defeat, Mohammad Reza sent General Teymur Bakhtiar of SAVAK to meet Kennedy in Washington on 1 March 1961. [178] The Shah also maintained close relations with King Hussein of Jordan, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and King Hassan II of Morocco. From the Homewood Photography Collection. They discovered he was being treated with a wrong medication worsening his condition.[298]. The suppression of the communist guerrilla movement in the region of Dhofar in Oman with the help of the Iranian army after a formal request by Sultan Qaboos was widely regarded in this context. The Empress Farah recalled of her days as a university student in 1950s France about being asked where she was from: When I told them Iran ... the Europeans would recoil in horror as if Iranians were barbarians and loathsome. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 392. Indeed, the cost was so sufficiently impressive that the Shah forbade his associates to discuss the actual figures. "[168] The particular Asian nation the Nixon Doctrine was aimed at was South Vietnam, but the Shah seized upon the doctrine, with its message that Asian nations should be responsible for their own defence, to argue that the Americans should sell him arms without limitation, a suggestion that Nixon embraced. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, p. 413. [140], In 1963, Mohammad Reza launched the White Revolution, a series of far-reaching reforms, which caused much opposition from the religious scholars. Milani, Abbas The Shah, London: Macmillan, 2011, pp. [244] In a sign of desperation, the following month Mohammad Reza reached out to the National Front, asking if one of their leaders would be willing to become prime minister. Mohammad Reza loved to support royalty during his time as Shah and one of those who benefitted had been Hassan, who received an interest-free loan of US$110 million from his friend. [30] Tadj ol-Molouk was the main emotional support to her son, cultivating a belief in him that destiny had chosen him for great things, as the soothsayers she consulted had explained her dreams as proving just precisely that. Then, in 1975, the countries signed the Algiers Accord, which granted Iran equal navigation rights in the Shatt al-Arab as the thalweg was now the new border, while Mohammad Reza agreed to end his support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels. After that event, the Shah again sought the support of Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat, who renewed his offer of permanent asylum in Egypt to the ailing monarch. Terms and conditions ~ [154] Farah began collecting art and by the early 1970s owned works by Picasso, Gauguin, Chagall, and Braque, which added to the modernist feel of the Niavaran Palace[153], On 26 October 1967, twenty-six years into his reign as Shah ("King"), he took the ancient title Shāhanshāh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") in a lavish coronation ceremony held in Tehran. Despite his public professions of admiration in later years, Mohammad Reza had serious misgivings about not only the coarse and roughshod political means adopted by his father, but also his unsophisticated approach to affairs of state.
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