115 letters 1874–1886 | Correspondences", "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania", "Nietzsches Briefe. [107], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. [160] His writings have also been described as a revolutionary project in which his philosophy serves as the foundation of a European cultural rebirth.[161][162]. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio». Year: 2014. Nietzsche e la morte di Dio . [70], Despite his offer coming at a time when he was considering giving up philology for science, he accepted. "[139], Nietzsche never married. Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to read Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. Steiner abandoned the attempt after only a few months, declaring that it was impossible to teach her anything about philosophy. In 1883, he tried and failed to obtain a lecturing post at the University of Leipzig. [84] He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work. His books remained largely unsold. The three traveled with Salomé's mother through Italy and considered where they would set up their "Winterplan" commune. I am proud of my Polish descent. [90] Arriving in Leipzig, (Germany) in October, Salomé and Rée separated from Nietzsche after a falling-out between Nietzsche and Salomé, in which Salomé believed that Nietzsche was desperately in love with her. 15, 1998, pp. 2002. During this time in the circle of the Wagners, he met Malwida von Meysenbug and Hans von Bülow. During the same year, he encountered the work of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, to whom he felt an immediate kinship. [338][339] Nietzsche's writings have also been influential to some advancers of Accelerationist thought through his influence on Deleuze and Guattari. German conductor and pianist Hans von Bülow also described another of Nietzsche's pieces as "the most undelightful and the most antimusical draft on musical paper that I have faced in a long time. [138] Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Nietzky); the type seems to have been well preserved despite three generations of German mothers. He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. (For example, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of The Antichrist, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible.) He likely suffered from clinical hemiparesis/hemiplegia on the left side of his body by 1899. He wished to hasten its coming only so that he could also hasten its ultimate departure. Converted file can differ from the original. Friedrich Nietzsche was also a pretty decent classical composer", "Hear Classical Music Composed by Friedrich Nietzsche: 43 Original Tracks", "Nietzsche's Apollonianism and Dionysiansism: Meaning and Interpretation", "SparkNotes: Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): The Birth of Tragedy", "Culture and perspectivism in Nietzsche's and Weber's view", "Why Heidegger's 'History' of Metaphysics is Dead", "Zen and Zarathustra: Self-Overcoming without a Self", Féré et Nietzsche: au sujet de la décadence, Note sur Nietzsche et Lange: "Le retour éternel", "Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843)", 1910 article from the Encyclopædia Britannica, "The Romantics of 1909: Arthur Symons, Pierre Lasserre and T.E. During these years Nietzsche met Meta von Salis, Carl Spitteler, and Gottfried Keller. He turned away from the influence of Schopenhauer, and after he severed his social ties with Wagner, Nietzsche had few remaining friends. Nietzsche".[94]. [November 1868] 1921. Nietzsche first proposed the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of The Gay Science, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other places. Santayana wrote that Nietzsche's work was "an emendation of that of Schopenhauer. La particolarità del pensiero di Nietzsche, la sua unicità, ha sempre generato nella critica degli interrogativi. [250] The organicism of Paul Bourget influenced Nietzsche,[251] as did that of Rudolf Virchow and Alfred Espinas. It is debated among scholars whether Hitler read Nietzsche, although if he did, it may not have been extensively. Volume 5, 2014. [115] Nietzsche had previously written, "All superior men who were irresistibly drawn to throw off the yoke of any kind of morality and to frame new laws had, if they were not actually mad, no alternative but to make themselves or pretend to be mad." [147] One theory blames Salomé's view on sexuality as one of the reasons for her alienation from Nietzsche. In 1886, Nietzsche broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted by his antisemitic opinions. "[42], Nietzsche's writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism and irony. [113], Nietzsche's mental illness was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilis, in accordance with a prevailing medical paradigm of the time. Nietzsche used these two forces because, for him, the world of mind and order on one side, and passion and chaos on the other, formed principles that were fundamental to the Greek culture:[164][165] the Apollonian a dreaming state, full of illusions; and Dionysian a state of intoxication, representing the liberations of instinct and dissolution of boundaries. [139] Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German Lutheran clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as "pure invention. Mussolini,[318][319] Charles de Gaulle[320] and Huey P. Newton[321] read Nietzsche. Auden who wrote of Nietzsche in his New Year Letter (released in 1941 in The Double Man): "O masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake. "[101] In December, Nietzsche began a correspondence with August Strindberg and thought that, short of an international breakthrough, he would attempt to buy back his older writings from the publisher and have them translated into other European languages. Indeed, Mazzino Montinari, the editor of Nietzsche's Nachlass, called it a forgery.[125]. While Nietzsche attacked the principles of Judaism, he was not antisemitic: in his work On the Genealogy of Morality, he explicitly condemned antisemitism and pointed out that his attack on Judaism was not an attack on contemporary Jewish people but specifically an attack upon the ancient Jewish priesthood who he claimed antisemitic Christians paradoxically based their views upon. [306] Chaim Weizmann was a great admirer of Nietzsche; the first president of Israel sent Nietzsche's books to his wife, adding a comment in a letter that "This was the best and finest thing I can send to you. Heidegger interpreted the death of God with what he explained as the death of metaphysics. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20717687. [143] Max Oehler, Nietzsche's cousin and curator of the Nietzsche Archive at Weimar, argued that all of Nietzsche's ancestors bore German names, including the wives' families. To be "bad" was to be like the slaves over whom the aristocracy ruled: poor, weak, sick, pathetic—objects of pity or disgust rather than hatred. Nietzsche died in 1900. Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, Cosima. 1908. By rising above mass culture, those persons would produce higher, brighter, and healthier human beings. For Nietzsche, a fundamental shift took place during human history from thinking in terms of "good and bad" toward "good and evil. According to a letter he wrote to Peter Gast, this was due to his "attitude towards Christianity and the concept of God".[95]. [45] He also developed influential concepts such as the Übermensch and the doctrine of eternal return. ", Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements, Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homer_and_Classical_Philology, "Shakespeare Contra Nietzsche by Andrew Lanham", "Der Philosoph Philipp Mainländer entdeckt das Nirwanaprinzip: Die Welt als Gottes Selbstmordprojekt", "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", 'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis, Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche, The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects, "100 years after death, Nietzsche's popularity keeps growing", "Nietzsche's aesthetic critique of Darwin", "Ernst Schmeitzner (1851–1895). von Müller, Hans. [61] As early as his 1862 essay "Fate and History", Nietzsche had argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity,[62] but David Strauss's Life of Jesus also seems to have had a profound effect on the young man. Plato continued along this path in his dialogues, and the modern world eventually inherited reason at the expense of artistic impulses found in the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy. He believed the press and mass culture led to conformity, brought about mediocrity, and the lack of intellectual progress was leading to the decline of the human species. [338]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. ", Walter Kaufmann, intr. [308] Eugene O'Neill remarked that Zarathustra influenced him more than any other book he ever read. "Nietzsches Staatsangehörigkeit als Rechtsfrage. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness,[108] and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. "Nietzsche's Breakdown in Turin." [196] He condemned institutionalized Christianity for emphasizing a morality of pity (Mitleid), which assumes an inherent illness in society:[197], Christianity is called the religion of pity. Also, last year I was crucified by the German doctors in a very drawn-out manner. Nietzsche. [51] Nietzsche's parents, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–1849), a Lutheran pastor and former teacher; and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler) (1826–1897), married in 1843, the year before their son's birth. Scientific developments and the increasing secularization of Europe had effectively 'killed' the Abrahamic God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for more than a thousand years. Oltre l'abisso. [46][47] In his later work, he became increasingly preoccupied with the creative powers of the individual to overcome cultural and moral mores in pursuit of new values and aesthetic health. Language: italian. [157], Nietzsche composed several works for voice, piano, and violin beginning in 1858 at the Schulpforta in Naumburg when he started to work on musical compositions. [170], Nietzsche claimed that the Christian faith as practiced was not a proper representation of Jesus' teachings, as it forced people merely to believe in the way of Jesus but not to act as Jesus did; in particular, his example of refusing to judge people, something that Christians constantly did. Nietzsche. of 'The Gay Science', Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard. "Nietzsche's Vorfahren" (reprint). He also acquired the publication rights for his earlier works and over the next year issued second editions of The Birth of Tragedy, Human, All Too Human, Daybreak, and of The Gay Science with new prefaces placing the body of his work in a more coherent perspective. [335] Carl Jung was also influenced by Nietzsche. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, though he often complained. [258][259] Nietzsche called Dostoyevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn. [337] Aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy, especially his ideas of the self and his relation to society, run through much of late-twentieth and early twenty-first century thought. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. Hence, the title of the aphorism, "On The Thousand And One Goal". Huskinson, Lucy. You have made your way from worm to man, and much in you is still worm. On the basis of it, many commentators[205] regard Nietzsche as an atheist; others (such as Kaufmann) suggest that this statement reflects a more subtle understanding of divinity. 1941. He read Kant, Plato, Mill, Schopenhauer and Spir,[241] who became the main opponents in his philosophy, and later Baruch Spinoza, whom he saw as his "precursor" in many respects[242] but as a personification of the "ascetic ideal" in others. ", Riley, T. A. [41], According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "He is famous for uncompromising criticisms of traditional European morality and religion, as well as of conventional philosophical ideas and social and political pieties associated with modernity. [65] There, he became close friends with his fellow student Erwin Rohde. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. Nietzsche has influenced philosophers such as Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre,[326] Oswald Spengler,[327] George Grant,[328] Emil Cioran,[329] Albert Camus, Ayn Rand,[330] Jacques Derrida,[citation needed], Sarah Kofman,[331] Leo Strauss,[332] Max Scheler, Michel Foucault, Bernard Williams,[citation needed] and Nick Land. All this contributed to his subsequent decision to distance himself from Wagner. [234], From Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Prologue, §§ 3–4):[235]. 1947. "La follia è nei singoli qualcosa di raro – ma nei gruppi, nei partiti, nei popoli, nelle epoche è la regola." Zarathustra contrasts the overman with the last man of egalitarian modernity (the most obvious example being democracy), an alternative goal humanity might set for itself. Download books for free. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (/ˈniːtʃə, ˈniːtʃi/;[32]German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtʃə] (listen) or [ˈniːtsʃə];[33][34] 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, writer, and philologist whose work has exerted a profound influence on modern intellectual history. After the death of Franziska in 1897, Nietzsche lived in Weimar, where Elisabeth cared for him and allowed visitors, including Rudolf Steiner (who in 1895 had written Friedrich Nietzsche: a Fighter Against His Time, one of the first books praising Nietzsche),[112] to meet her uncommunicative brother. Allan Megill argues that, while Köhler's claim that Nietzsche was conflicted about his homosexual desire cannot simply be dismissed, "the evidence is very weak," and Köhler may be projecting twentieth-century understandings of sexuality on nineteenth-century notions of friendship. Weber, for example, relied on Nietzsche's perspectivism by maintaining that objectivity is still possible—but only after a particular perspective, value, or end has been established. Oltre l'abisso. [341] For Nietzsche, this grand striver overcomes obstacles, engages in epic struggles, pursues new goals, embraces recurrent novelty, and transcends existing structures and contexts. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. In questa lezione affrontiamo la filosofia di Nietzsche. g |last=Arena |first=Leonardo Vittorio |title=Nietzsche in China in the XXth Century |publisher=ebook |year=2012}}. He spent many summers in Sils Maria near St. Moritz in Switzerland. He also shared Nietzsche's view of tragedy. "If my life were to recur, then it could recur only in identical fashion." In 1876, Gast transcribed the crabbed, nearly illegible handwriting of Nietzsche's first time with Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. 19; III. Übersetzt von Ida Overbeck, initiiert von Friedrich Nietzsche. Similar Items. It is a purely physical concept, involving no supernatural reincarnation, but the return of beings in the same bodies. This action nearly kills Zarathustra, for example, and most human beings cannot avoid other-worldliness because they really are sick, not because of any choice they made. Oltre l'abisso. La teologia delia morte di DioIneontri culturali Perche 1'etica, perche il trágicoPrassi e teoria Nietzsche e !a filosofia . Pity stands opposed to the tonic emotions which heighten our vitality: it has a depressing effect. [35][36][37][38][39] He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. Instead, he seemed to have accepted the conclusions of Ruđer Bošković, who explained the qualities of matter as a result of an interplay of forces. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche nasce in un villaggio della Prussia meridionale (Sassonia-Anhalt) nei pressi di Lipsia, il 15 ottobre 1844; Dopo la morte del fratello, del padre e della nonna la famiglia si trasferisce in una propria casa, ora "Nietzsche-Haus", un museo e centro studi. The will to live would become the will to dominate; pessimism founded on reflection would become optimism founded on courage; the suspense of the will in contemplation would yield to a more biological account of intelligence and taste; finally in the place of pity and asceticism (Schopenhauer's two principles of morals) Nietzsche would set up the duty of asserting the will at all costs and being cruelly but beautifully strong. [176][177][178] Nietzsche rejected the idea of objective reality, arguing that knowledge is contingent and conditional, relative to various fluid perspectives or interests. Una delle domande che ci si è posti nella storia della critica a Nietzsche è la considerazione su qual è il "vero" Nietzsche ovvero quale fosse il suo reale intento e cosa volesse comunicare nelle sue opere ovvero quanto di ciò che ha lasciato è filtrabile in maniera lucida separandolo dalla parabola discendente della sua malattia mentale. In 1879, after a significant decline in health, Nietzsche had to resign his position at Basel. He also quoted Mahler himself, and adds that he was influenced by Nietzsche's conception and affirmative approach to nature, which Mahler presented in his Third Symphony using Zarathustra's roundelay. Utilitarians claim that what moves people is the desire to be happy and accumulate pleasure in their lives. Pages: 166. "[149] The acquisition of the infection from a homosexual brothel was confirmed by Sigmund Freud, who cited Otto Binswanger as his source. Moreover, he planned the publication of the compilation Nietzsche contra Wagner and of the poems that made up his collection Dionysian-Dithyrambs. He went on to list the number of people Epicurus, for example, had to rely on to supply his simple diet of goat cheese.[86]. It shaped their philosophical and cultural endeavors, as well as their political understanding. Born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the town of Röcken (now part of Lützen), near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. Nietzsche saw slave morality as pessimistic and fearful, its values emerging to improve the self-perception of slaves. Apollo represents harmony, progress, clarity, logic and the principle of individuation, whereas Dionysus represents disorder, intoxication, emotion, ecstasy and unity (hence the omission of the principle of individuation). Painter Giovanni Segantini was fascinated by Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and he drew an illustration for the first Italian translation of the book. [310][311][312] Nietzsche's influence on the works of Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno[313] can be seen in the Dialectic of Enlightenment. [186], In Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche's genealogical account of the development of modern moral systems occupies a central place. The file will be sent to your Kindle account. [54] He studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and Carl von Gersdorff. [285] Author Jack London wrote that he was more stimulated by Nietzsche than by any other writer. By denying the inherent inequality of people—in success, strength, beauty, and intelligence—slaves acquired a method of escape, namely by generating new values on the basis of rejecting master morality, which frustrated them. [122], In 1898 and 1899, Nietzsche suffered at least two strokes. "Nietzsche's Aesthetic Solution to the Problem of Epigonism in the Nineteenth Century." [247], In his Egotism in German Philosophy, Santayana claimed that Nietzsche's whole philosophy was a reaction to Schopenhauer. Nietzsche's thought enjoyed renewed popularity in the 1960s and his ideas have since had a profound impact on 20th and early-21st century thinkers across philosophy—especially in schools of continental philosophy such as existentialism, postmodernism and post-structuralism—as well as art, literature, psychology, politics, and popular culture.[37][38][39][49][50]. (...) Nietzsche also used his psychological analyses to support original theories about the nature of the self and provocative proposals suggesting new values that he thought would promote cultural renewal and improve social and psychological life by comparison to life under the traditional values he criticized. Some maintain that Nietzsche contracted it in a male brothel in Genoa. This concept appears only in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, and is presented as a condition that would render the creation of the overman impossible.[236]. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagner, but the publisher C. G. Naumann secretly printed one hundred. Amidst renewed bouts of illness, living in near-isolation after a falling out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of Also Sprach Zarathustra in only ten days. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. "[243] He likewise expressed contempt for British author George Eliot. Schimbările introduse de Elisabeth Forster au fost caracterizate în respectivul lexicon drept „scandaloase și criminale” (Cristian Niemeyer). "Quale luogo spaventevole ha saputo fare della terra il cristianesimo, già per il solo fatto di aver collocato ovunque il crocifisso, e per aver in tal modo designato la terra come il luogo in cui «il giusto viene martirizzato a morte»!" 1994. He wants a kind of spiritual evolution of self-awareness and overcoming of traditional views on morality and justice that stem from the superstition beliefs still deeply rooted or related to the notion of God and Christianity. In 1873, Nietzsche began to accumulate notes that would be posthumously published as Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. It may takes up to 1-5 minutes before you received it. To comprehend eternal recurrence, and to not only come to peace with it but to embrace it, requires amor fati, "love of fate". Although Nietzsche has famously been misrepresented as a predecessor to Nazism, he criticized anti-Semitism, pan-Germanism and, to a lesser extent, nationalism. "[77] Nietzsche scholar Joachim Köhler [de] has attempted to explain Nietzsche's life history and philosophy by claiming that he was homosexual. Overbeck traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. per ipovedenti [Corriero, Emilio Carlo] on Amazon.com.au. "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891–1895.". [336] In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence. The death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. ", The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Kasper Niesiecki, Herbarz Polski, wyd. Nietzsche called for exceptional people not to be ashamed in the face of a supposed morality-for-all, which he deems to be harmful to the flourishing of exceptional people.
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